The disposition of the h2s will be discussed later. Hydrogen volumes consumed increasingly exceed those produced in a platformer and have to be supplemented by other sources. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base. Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula h 2 s. Petroleum refining and environmental control and environmental. It can be released from sewage sludge, liquid manure, and sulfur hot springs, and with natural gas.
Phillips petroleum company, 1946, by phillips petroleum company and enid champlin refining company. Products treated for h2s include crude oil, fuels, and other refined petroleum products in storage tanks, tanker ships, railcars, and pipelines. Hydrogen sulfide is produced naturally from decaying organic matter. It is a colorless chalcogen hydride gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Safety and health topics hydrogen sulfide hydrogen. Pollution associated with petroleum refining includes volatile organic compounds vocs, carbon monoxide co, sulfur oxides sox, nitrogen oxides nox, particulates, ammonia nh3, hydrogen sulphide h 2 s, metals, spent acids and numerous toxic organic compounds. Estimation of hydrogen sulfide from crude petroleum. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. F, oxygen is tipped from atmosphere with inert gas and catalysts are dehydrated. Materials selection for petroleum refineries and gathering facilities. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur. According to the tri, in 2012 most hydrogen sulfide air releases in the u. The increased use of purchased hydrogen has implications for the refining industrys use of natural gas as a feedstock.
In petroleum refineries, the hydrogen sulfide gas is then subsequently converted into byproduct. Hydrogen sulfide burns with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide which is also a toxic gas. During the 1930s and world war ii, sophisticated refining processes involving the use of catalysts led to further improvements in the quality of transportation fuels and further increased their supply. Hydrogen sulfidesulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally. Phillips petroleum company, 1946, by phillips petroleum company and enid champlin refining company page images at hathitrust alkylation of alkanes, new york, reinhold pub. Hydrogen sulphide inhalational toxicity at a petroleum. Hydrogen sulfide is colorless, flammable gas under. Hydrogen sulfide is a common byproduct of petroleum extraction and refining, as well as a potential hazard from the breakdown of organic materials hence, its common name, sewer gas. People usually can smell hydrogen sulfide at low concentrations in air ranging from 0. With the depletion in global reserves of light crude oil over the past few decades. Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable, colorless gas with a. Mr0103 standard practice materials resistant to sulfide stress cracking in corrosive petroleum refinery environments. Hydrogen sulfide h2s is a naturally occurring gas contained in. Atoms are represented as spheres with conventional color coding.
Hydrogen sulfide management in crude oil, natural gas, fuels, and petroleum. Acid gases in a refinery are carbon dioxide co2 and hydrogen sulphide h2s. Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources from bacterial decomposition of plant and animal materials, and from geothermic sources such as volcanoes, hot springs, and underwater. It discusses the material selection criteria for a number of ferrous and nonferrous alloys used in petroleum refining and petrochemical applications. This method is applicable for the determination of the h 2 s content of fuel gas streams at petroleum. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals product treating james g. Pretreatment of heavy crude oils for refining intechopen. Sulfur is removed from petroleum products in the petroleum refining process and is a byproduct of paper pulping. Sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical precipitation article pdf available in journal of hazardous materials 15312.
Hydrogen sulfide in production operations oil and gas production. The interest on these systems is increasing because of the simplicity of concept and lowenergy consumption. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is a colorless, flammable and extremely dangerous gas. Role of hydrogen in removing sulfure liquid fuels praxair. Hydrogen sulfide, a naturally occurring impurity of crude petroleum oil, is a highly toxic. Consultation document hydrogen sulphide h2s in petroleum crude oil dec 9 th 2016 to feb. Hydrogen for refineries is increasingly provided by.
Refinery gas sweetening is the process used to remove the so called acid. F, hydrogen h 2 is introduced with feedstock and presulfiding agent. Determination of hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gases. Environmental protection agency epa has issued regulations that deal with the emission of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere from the combustion of petroleum refinery fuel gases and process gases that contain hydrogen sulfide. Sulfur causes acid rain and combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide which is a. Hydrogen sulfide is recovered from natural gas and is a byproduct of. Hydrogen sulfide gas also can result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries and petroleum refineries.
Hydrogen sulfide gas is also known as sewer gas because it is often produced by the breakdown of waste material. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products. Hydrogen sulfide gas illinois department of public health. Sulfur occurs in some natural gases as hydrogen sulfide h 2 s gas, which is poisonous and corrosive. The main scope of the course is to create strong basis and fundamentals regarding the processes in the petroleum refining. Amine gas treater, claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into endproduct elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced for commercial sale. The potentiality of the probe npsi can be implied to develop a realtime sensor to detect the exposure of such a harmful gas in the petroleum industry and to.
Polymeric gasseparation membranes were commercialized 30 years ago. Petroleum engineers guide to oil field chemicals and fluids. Section 1 introduction in view of the increasing national concern about toxic sulfur compounds in the atmosphere, the u. This nace standard establishes material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking ssc in sour refinery process environments, i. Sector notebook project petroleum refining epa310r950 epa office of compliance sector notebook project profile of the petroleum refining industry september 1995 office of compliance. In this work, we collected crude petroleum oil from a nearby oil refinery.
It is found in many refinery streams such as crude oil, asphalt, residual fuel, mid distillate, gasoline and blend components. Safety and health topics hydrogen sulfide occupational. At low levels, hydrogen sulfide gas has a strong odor similar to rotten eggs. Hydrogen replaces sulfur on the organic molecule, while hydrogen sulfide h2s is formed as shown in the reaction below for an organic sulfide molecule. Polymeric gasseparation membranes for petroleum refining. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s molecule, chemical structure. Pdf sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by. Such as mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, which cause foul odors and deteriorate the finished products. A petroleum refining study starts with describing its feedstock, the crude oil and the range of products that are produced by the. Amine gas treating, claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into product elemental sulfur.
When sour highsulfur crude oil is processed, there is an increased potential for exposure to hydrogen sulfide in the preheat exchanger and. F, presulfiding of catalysts occurs in an atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide. Its composition was recognized by berthollet 1798, who gave it its present name. Introduction sulfur compounds exist in various light oils made from petroleum. Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable, colorless gas that smells like rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide can also result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries, and petroleum refineries. These pollutants may be discharged as air emissions, wastewater or solid waste. H2s is a challenge at every stage of hydrocarbon production, refining, and. Hydrogen sulfide also known as h 2 s, sewer gas, swamp gas, stink damp, and sour damp is a colorless gas known for its pungent rotten egg odor at low concentrations. Refining for the nontechnical person, 2nd edition, pennwell books.
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